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The guide describes the many different types of heat-treatment processes that are used to modify the surface properties of engineering components. These processes improve hardness, wear resistance and fatigue strength. The basis metallurgical principles of these processes are outlined in simple terms in order to explain the various structures, mechanical properties and residual stresses that are developed in the case and core. Guidance on process selection for different service conditions is provided and attention is drawn to the process variables that should be specified and those aspects of product quality that should be controlled.

In 1982 the DTNSRDC (David W Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Centre carried out a special trials program on the RHS 200 hydrofoil for the USCG (US Coast Guard) and the Urban Mass Transit Administration. The ship is described and its tested performance is summarised including calm- and rough-water powering fuel consumption range takeoff characteristics and manoeuvring. Passenger comfort is described in terms of ship motions noise passenger and baggage provisions. An analysis of user perceptions of hydrofoil service in Southern Italy is discussed. The operational issues associated with placing such a vessel into service were studied including crew and support personnel reliability availability maintainability and costs. Safety considerations and the facilities required to support the RHS 200 hydrofoil are addressed. It is concluded that the RHS 200 is a good performer in both calm water and moderate seas.

The role of technology in improving the recoverability of a warship and therefore improving survivability is described. The key issues for being able to recover from the longer term effects of a hit are flood fire and smoke and damage to essential services particularly electrical power chilled water and firemain. Initiatives within the Directorate of Marine Engineering of the Ship Support Agency to evaluate new and existing survivability technologies for future Royal Navy platforms are discussed. Technologies include Platform Management Systems (PMS) fire-fighting and smoke clearance technologies. A measure of effectiveness analysis considering military effectiveness risk cost and statutory requirements showed that a basic Platform Management System is likely to be the most effective technology. The next most effective technologies are simple portable equipment such as wire free communications extended duration breathing apparatus and improving the zoning and control of ventilation. Technologies that rely on sensors and actuators did not perform well.

The marine industry is still procuring on the basis of discrete sub systems and not following good system design and integration principles. This paper gives examples of problems which are typical in the marine sector now that suppliers are providing systems with the provision for and the expectation that their products will form part of complex integrated solutions. It then gives examples of system design and integration approaches taken by other industries where the use of large scale integrated systems is a normal part of design solutions. The challenge for the marine sector is discussed specifically using principles for integrated systems that have been defined by the Royal Academy of Engineering as a benchmark. Finally the challenges for Lloyd's Register as a classification society are discussed.

The Mobile Offshore Base (MOB) is designed to transit to anywhere in the world in the required time frame. During the research of MOB dynamical properties a non-linear system modeling and optimization tool using Reverse MI/SO (Multiple-Input / Single Output) techniques was developed and applied to different aspects of MOB dynamics analysis. MISO is based on statistical signal processing of the recorded time histories of the excitation and response of the non-linear multi-degree-of-freedom system. In this paper the model testing data in beam seas is analyzed using the Reverse MISO technique. The authors expected to identify significant nonlinear roll damping for the nonlinear integro-differential equation as is the case with ships. Instead a significant nonlinear heave damping related with the nonlinear relative heave velocity has been found during the analysis. This once again acts as a reminder that due to the strong nonlinearity of MOB motions in the severe sea ways nonlinear analysis methods such as Reverse MISO are important and need to be applied in order to fully identify the dynamics of the MOB motion.

Over the years the tanker industry has provided a safe and efficient service transporting the energy needed for the well-being of society. Tanker casualty rates compare favourably with those of other modes of transport. However, recognising that modern society no longer tolerates any type of pollution incident, the tanker industry is obliged to consider all possible measures aimed at reducing the tanker casualty rate. This report suggests an alternative approach to those traditionally employed to enhance tanker safety. The new methodology places emphasis on the adoption of a new safety culture throughout the tanker shipping organisation. Many of the elements of this philosophy are inherent in the International Safety Management (ISM) code.

The book contains the results from a programme of systematic model experiments planned by the authors that were carried out at the Swedish State Shipbuilding Experimental Tank. The purpose of these was to study the influence of varying block coefficients on the resistance and propulsive qualities of model ships being tested. Models with block coefficients between 0.600 and 0.750 were tested. The experimental results were converted to the scale of ships having a length of 120 metres. The main dimensions were the same for all the models but due to the variation in block coefficients, the displacement varied. The results are also expressed in dimensionless form in order to facilitate their application to similar ships of different size.

The book tells the story of the Canadian shipbuilding company Davie over the course of its 170 year history (to the date of publication). It begins with the establishment of the shipyard on Quebec's South Shore by Allison Davie where fully square-rigged sailing ships and river steamboats were built. As time passed and generation followed generation, the transition was made by the company from sail to steam and then diesel, and from wooden-hulled vessels to steel, adopting new technologies. The book gives an account of the company's innovations and strategies. Over the years the Davie shipyards built and repaired tankers and freighters, fishing boats and ferries and even warships and offshore oil platforms. In more recent years the use of advanced computer technologies has also been used by the firm, both in construction processes and in ships' own equipment and systems. Appendices include yard lists of the vessels built in the twentieth century at the Davie shipyards, which includes launch date, delivery date and ship owner.

The general nature of the hazards of flammable materials involved in the cleaning of oil storage tanks and the precautions to be taken are dealt with in the IP Marketing and Refining Safety Codes, which also include general advice on tank cleaning and reference to a number of British standards. The codes assume that the refinery, installation, depot or terminal, where the tank to be cleaned is located, has a fully staffed operations and maintenance organization. Attention is drawn to the fact that in many countries there exist statutory requirements, both local and national, relating to the petroleum industry and the codes should be regarded as being complementary to such requirements. Where specific regulations are referred to in the text, these apply only to the United Kingdom, unless otherwise indicated.

Patterns and mechanisms of plankton crustacean seasonal succession in the freshwater Curonian lagoon (south-eastern Baltic Sea) were analysed on the basis of four-year field sampling results. The seasonal crustacean zooplankton succession in the lagoon appears to be the consistent six-stage sequence of four distinct species complexes. Each stage is characterised by its individual species composition and quantitative characteristics. The uniform and periodic pattern of the limnetic zooplankton crustacean successional stages in the lagoon indicates that the seasonal succession of the limnetic zooplankton is not disturbed by unpredictable environmental fluctuations such as brackish water inflows. Seasonal zooplankton succession is also comparatively uniform at a spatial scale. Not more than two adjacent successional stages were found across the northern part of the lagoon during the surveys. Comparison between monthly water residence time and dominant plankton crustacean species life-cycle duration points to a more transitory plankton community in spring while in summer it is not much influenced by lagoon hydrodynamics.

Dead reckoning is the process by which a navigating organism derives its current position relative to an earthbound reference point from its own locomotion. Dead reckoning requires the continuous estimation of changes in direction and location through self-generated signals and the computation of position on the basis of these signals. Stable external references are used by all sedentary species for recognising and pinpointing particular goals within the home range. Olfactory and tactile cues may guide the subject to the goal or confirm the arrival at the goal station. Visual landmarks also play a privileged role in navigation. From a functional viewpoint dead reckoning and landmark navigation are complementary and therefore ideally suited to co-operate with one another in order to optimise navigation.

Underwater vehicles have been developed Canada for more than 40 years. These developments include manned submersibles ROVs and AUVs. Many types of underwater vehicles already exist so why are more people not using them? There seems to be some confusion about the boundary conditions for proper comparisons of performance. In addition not all the potential vehicle integrations have been fielded. In this paper existing integrations which have contributed to the development of hybrid vehicles are presented. These contribute to the capability to integrate systems in order to acquire the data to support the acquisition of data for the submission to the Internal Sea Bed Authority in accordance with Article 76. Article 76 provides instructions on how coastal states should exercise sovereign rights beyond the customary 200 nautical mile limit. The procedures for defining the outer limits of extended jurisdiction are based upon bathymetric and geological criteria. The procedures impose requirements to assemble manipulate visualise and analyse a wide range of information in an accurate and well-documented fashion that is consistent with the reporting requirements of the International Seabed Authority. Underwater vehicles will be used to obtain some of the information required.

An analysis of the advanced Aframax tanker engine room design is presented. The engine room is designed to meet Lloyd Register 98 requirements (provisional rules for enhanced availability of engineering systems for propulsion and steering). It is the basis for FMEA (failure mode and effect analysis) performance. The design is based on the application of the two prime movers and single emergency prime mover. The system enables 50% power reserve availability. It meets the R2-SA+ design requirements of the American Bureau of Shipping and could be reduced to R1-S and R1 design requirements. R1-A design of the system also enables reserve propulsion and reserve steering. The paper explores the consequences of the design of the engine room and considers the synthesis of the project solution ensuring the unification of the propulsion and steering elements.

This paper describes the author's approach to the performance of Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) on existing vessels and operations which has been developed over the past 10 years. The paper uses examples by way of illustration which include an established river ferry operation a fishery patrol vessel designed and built to commercial standards in the 1970s and a new 280 lane metre ocean going ro-ro ferry chartered for unusual service.

Townsville is a major regional city located adjacent to the World Heritage listed Great Barrier Reef. With a strong and diversified economy and an increasing population Townsville faces the challenges and opportunities of sustainable development. Townsville City Council is developing partnerships across Council and linking with utilities businesses and the community to foster City-wide behavioural change towards sustainability. These initiatives build on co-learning curriculum-based programmes within schools as well as community-based education and involvement opportunities implemented by Townsville City Council that are designed to foster community partnerships and ownership of catchment management. Townsville City Council as a progressive regional local government authority is engaging youth and adults in learning about sustainability through seeing feeling and understanding the City as a Learnscape. This active learning combined with interpretive material helps people understand the link between the environment environmental processes and urban life in everyday settings. A look is taken at this.

The aim of the Review is to provide governments and other interested organisations with an assessment of technology (available or being developed) to enable coal to be used cleanly and with greater amenity. It also identifies ways in which barriers to the use and development of technology can be overcome. The Review looks at the nature of coal, the formation of pollutants and the kinds of regulations applied to coal-fired plants. This is followed by assessments of the contribution to the clean use of coal from technology in various places in the path from mining to coal use. The 6th chapter reviews conventional and advanced coal preparation methods, including coal cleaning. Newer, specialised approaches are then reviewed: coal mixtures in chapter 7 and conversion of coal to liquids and gas in chapter 8. Combustion technology is discussed in chapter 9, with particular emphasis on developments such as fluidised bed technology. Chapter 10 deals with the major topic of control of pollutants in flue gases and chapter 11 reviews the situation with solid wastes from coal - ash and spent sorbent.

A survey of the propulsive characteristics of high-speed hard chine hull catamarans in smooth water has been carried out to obtain fundamental information about the hull-propeller interactions and other components of propulsive efficiency. The powering performance of the VWS Hard Chine Planing Hull Catamaran Series '89 has been determined under tank and trial conditions. The propulsion tests were performed with high-speed subcavitation propellers behind a skeg and at free running shafts. The different tendencies of thrust deduction fraction wake fraction hull efficiency relative rotative efficiency and propulsive efficiency as well as the influence of the most important form parameters on the propulsive coefficients are considered and shown diagrammatically.

The most important changes in Congressional politics in the last 30 years have been those directly related to struggles over the control of the Federal budget. The major changes in budget laws and processes since 1974 are briefly reviewed. (In 1974 the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act was passed.) It is reflected how these changes impacted the ability to control Federal funding among the committees in Congress and then it is examined how the House Resources and the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committees sought to ensure that certain priority coastal management activities received significantly higher funding in the 106th Congress and to a lesser extent in the 107th Congress. The Conservation and Reinvestment Act is examined together with its impact on coastal zone management. The most astonishing fact is that the Congressional process of passing the Conservation and Reinvestment Act resulted in significantly higher funding for coastal management activities even though the Bill was never enacted.

Int Conf held in London 15 - 17 Nov 1983 Papers are The extension of human performance in the sea The evolving role and expanding array of submersibles and underwater vehicles Code of practice for the operation of submersible craft - Norwegian view Regulations and codes of practice for the operation of submersible craft US experience with manned submersibles Development of a full function remote work system capable of 5000 meter operation Autonomous manned craft The autonomous work submarine PHX submersible Manned vehicles - philosophy An oil company view of remotely operated underwater vehicle operations Seabed operations - surface contact vehicles An operators view of remotely operated vehicles Deep ocean technology Basic principles involved in the design and operation of seabed vehicles for construction tasks The towed unmanned submersible for HMS Challenger Diverless underwater intervention - manned vs unmanned work systems The statpipe pipeline system - experience after first season (with emphasis on ROV intervention) Field experience with a wide angle viewing system for remotely operated vehicles Computer processing systems for underwater TV pictures Stereo TV for underwater work and inspection Applications of holography to underwater inspection The application of high pressure water jet cleaning by ROV Application of magnetic particle inspection by underwater vehicle

Simple large deflection analysis which enables the yielding at a specified location to be determined has been used to explore qualitatively the nature of interactions between pressure longitudinal transverse and biaxial compression. This information provides a basis for formulating a design model which incorporates the results of available elasto-plastic numerical data for determining interaction curves for any side ratio and slenderness and for any combination of pressure and biaxial compression. Interaction curves for maximum resistance and for resistance at an average panel strain equal to the yield strength are presented. It is shown that moderate pressure has a much greater effect on compressive resistance than is suggested by current design rules.