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The two main factors which upset the safe operation of propulsion plants are fuel oil deterioration and the multi-nationalization of crew. IHI has developed the Fuel-Mate system which optimises the reliability of the propulsion plant and provides the crew with proper support with fuel treatment methods and operating parameters of the main engine to achieve optimum combustion. The system also enables achievement of NOx reduction requirements. The prototype was completed and tested on MS Takashima Maru in March 1993. Details of the Fuel-Mate system are provided along with the test results.

The role of the World Maritime University (WMU) is described. Trends in post-secondary education over the past 35 years are considered. These trends have two broad phases: worldwide expansion in the 1960s and 1970s followed by reduction in the 1980s because of economic political and demographic factors. Up to now maritime education and training (MET) has been quite parochial however concern about inadequate seafaring competence has led to a revision of the International Convention on Standards of Training Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW 78). The revision sets out global standards that are likely to impact MET in a positive way if they are adopted.

The efforts of IMO in achieving the safe and environmentally sound transportation of bulk liquid chemicals are highlighted. After an introductory background the issue of what IMO can do and cannot do is clarified - IMO has no executive power. Next IMO's products the rules and regulations especially the chemical tanker legislation are looked at. In conclusion the view is expressed that when it comes to the necessary up-dating of international chemical tanker legislation IMO is on the right track and deserves support.

Environmental studies are presented carried out on the northern King County and southern Snohomish County portion of the near-shore environment of Puget Sound to support the location of a new wastewater treatment plant outfall. The main objective was to develop accurate maps of near-shore habitat resources within the study area. The results of the study provide a critical basis for assessing the aquatic habitats and fisheries resources within the near-shore zone of a defined area. The depth range was designed to cover all low inter-tidal and shallow sub-tidal habitats including potential rockfish habitat. The report documents the methods used to map the near-shore environment and presents geo-referenced maps and summary tables of substrate vegetation fish and macro-invertebrates.

The need for ships crew to be aware of any dangers inherent in their cargo is illustrated with reference to an incident concerning the Asian Gem while carrying powdered zinc dross. Relevant internationally recognised codes for classifying dangerous goods include "The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code" (IMDG) and "The IMO Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes" (The IMO Bulk Cargo Code) which includes a section for Materials Hazardous in Bulk (MHB). The IMDG classes of dangerous materials are described with critical comment and relevant examples and include: Class 1 explosives; Class 2 gases (subdivided as flammable and compressed and/or refrigerated compressed but not flammable and toxic); Class 3 flammable liquids (subdivided according to flash point); Class 4 solids (subdivided as flammable or combustible spontaneous combustion and materials dangerous when wet; and Class 5 oxidising substances and organic peroxides. The importance of correct declaration and information on the cargo and the choice of suitable conditions stowage packaging and segregation is emphasised.

The proposed new SOLAS requirements for safe design of steering gear at present under consideration by IMCO are discussed. They support the single failure criteria and require a rapid recovery of at least 50% of steering gear after a single hydraulic failure. The three main types of steering gear Rapsen slide oscillating cylinder and rotary vane are described and methods of complying with the proposed rules by system duplication or by isolation of the failed section of the system are discussed. The design of steering gears to meet the regulations is considered according to vessel type. The separate problem of designing steering systems and autopilots to maximise fuel economy is also examined and is based on minimising rudder movement and controlling the speed at which it moves.

Leaks in sub-sea umbilical systems are highly problematic as they are difficult to locate and the eventual egress of fluid may be a considerable distance from the actual line failure due to the presence of additional outer sheath(s). However in late 2006 by applying their knowledge of how leaks affect the pressure and flow characteristics in a pipeline Brinker Technology developed an analytical tool which enables them to calculate the approximate location of a leak in a single line of an umbilical bundle. This technique was effectively put to use in November 2006 when on behalf of Norsk Hydro Brinker Technology were able to successfully calculate the location of a leak in an Ormen Lange main umbilical. Further to an analytical leak location assessment Brinker can deploy their proven core product Platelet Technology to seal the leak and add further assurance and a greater degree of accuracy to the location estimate. Platelet Technology involves the remote injection of discrete particles known as 'Platelets' into a pipeline which are carried to the leak site due to the flow.

Maritime law is primarily concerned with safe shipping and with regulating the exploitation of marine resources. In most cases the environmental implications of this body of law are secondary. The legal developments that are directly relevant to marine environmental protection are considered and in particular marine conservation. In 1997 there were two key legal developments of particular relevance to marine conservation in the UK: the accession to UNCLOS (the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention) and Greenpeace's attempted judicial review of the DTI (Department of Trade and Industry). Both of these events relate to boundaries and their relevance to UK offshore policy. UNCLOS's provisions have already had an impact on the maritime boundaries defining British jurisdiction offshore and Rockall is cited as an example. The issues around Rockall are described. The future of marine protected areas is considered.

WNI Oceanographers and Meteorologists have been operating metocean buoys since 1977. The majority of these have been deployed along the NW Shelf of Western Australia and in the Timor Sea. Weather conditions off the coast of Western Australia and in the Timor Sea are described. Buoy deployments and buoy types are considered. Operational experiences are discussed together with lessons learned and corrective actions taken. Diagrams and data tables appear on pages 13 to 16.

As ships go through many risks in their life-cycle in order to supply a reasonable decision-making at the earliest stage of a ship project planning risk analysis is needed. A risk evaluation methodology which combines life-cycle assessment with multi-criteria decision-making tool of analysis hierarchy process (AHP) was proposed. In this method first risks of ships in the life-cycle were identified and the life-cycle based risk evaluation criteria system for ships is built. Then the values of evaluating loss of risk indicators and comparison matrices are obtained by experts concerned. From the former grey clustering analysis is done. Simultaneously weights of each risk indicator are calculated from the latter. Finally the value of integrated risk evaluation which reflect the level of the risk loss was obtained and a sensitivity analysis is carried out to assess the effect on the final results of uncertainty in the risk values assigned. An example is given to demonstrate the application of the methodology and illustrate the validity and practicality of the proposed method.

In 1987 in response to a request by Marathon Oil Company ABS (American Bureau of Shipping) undertook to analyse hull girder bending to estimate the service life of two carriers which were almost 20 years old the nominal service life assumed in the IMO code. Today over 37% of the world's fleet of LNG and LPG carriers are operating beyond this age and confidence in their safety needs to be substantiated. In 1994 ABS developed CAP (condition assessment programme) for oil tankers and bulk carriers which has since been extended to gas carriers and containerships. This provides a formalised means of evaluating the condition of a vessel at any point in time. The ABS CAP is discussed and how it has been applied to 15 existing LPG carriers and 2 LNG carriers and the resulting observations. Also discussed is how the ABS safe hull technology can be used for more detailed longevity assessments including fatigue considerations to fully refrigerated LPG carriers. In addition recent developments on an approach for minimising further fatigue damage with potential immediate application to gas carriers is presented.

A look is taken at a new limit states design standard for cold-formed steel structures which is being developed jointly by Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand based largely on the 1991 edition of the Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members of the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) with new technical material proposed for the 1995 Specification. Committees in the three countries have cooperated closely to produce a standard which harmonises practice across the Pacific. The public review draft of the document released in June 1995 is described with detailed discussion of the areas where the draft standard differs from the AISI Specification.

Conf held in France on 19 - 23 Oct 1970 Papers are Historical background and role of natural gas and LNG in world energy - LNG the cold fuel World LNG trade in the seventies Present and future role of natural gas in developing countries Developments in LNG technology - Parameters choice for liquefaction installation by single flow cascade cycle with the help of digital computer Large capacity LNG installations Arzew liquefaction plant - assessment of five years of operation The Nantes Station after ten years service Bulk measurement of LNG Reliquefaction of boil - off gas from LNG storage tanks Construction of cryogenic exchangers for the liquefaction of natural gas Density of LNG and its constituents Physical properties of natural gas at cryogenic conditions Phase behaviour of the nitrogen - methane - ethane system

One of the most challenging questions with regard to the technical part of the LNG (liquefied natural gas) supply chain has not been answered satisfactorily yet: How can LNG be safely and reliably transferred between a floating terminal platform (FPSO - floating production storage and offloading) or FSRU comparable (floating storage and regasification units)) and a shuttle tanker in harsh environmental conditions? The problem consists of two main technical issues: the first is the vessel mooring configuration (eg SbS (side-by-side tandem); the second is the type and appropriate handling of the transfer lines for the cryogenic liquid. As both problems are interacting non convincing solution has been developed until now. The innovative offshore LNG loading system MPLS20 (Maritime Pipe Loading System 20) is proposed by the project partners. The new concept is based on a unique tandem mooring configuration. In comparison to standard operations used in the oil business for about 40 years the concept introduces a mooring bay for the shuttle tanker. Extensive numerical simulations are carried out to determine the envelope of motions and mooring forces. The corrugated metal pipes provide a double containment system and therefore all relevant safety issues are well addressed.

This paper presents the results of an experimental study to evaluate the effect of torsional moment on the ultimate strength of container ships in longitudinal bending. The progressive collapse tests are conducted using 1/13-scale three-hold models referring to a Post-Panamax container ship. The models are fixed to the rigid wall at the aft end (cantilever beam) and a couple of loads are applied to the fore end so as to generate both torsional and vertical bending moments. Several loading conditions which vary the ratio of torsional and bending moments are adopted for the progressive collapse tests and the nonlinear finite element analyses using LS-DYNA. From the results of collapse tests and numerical simulations the progressive collapse behaviour including the warping-strain distribution and the ultimate strength interaction relationship is examined.

The OBS (ocean bottom seismoemter) has been a key instrument for geophysical study of sea sub-bottom layers for several decades. Now scientists are demanding highly reliable autonomous equipment capable of staying underwater for long periods of time and therefore handling large data storage. Power consumption of the acquisition system as well as a stable time base with temperature are the main issues in order to achieve high autonomy together with a good data quality. A new OBS is presented. It is designed to be used in marine long-term surveys. In order to achieve final goals a new datalogger based on Compactflash memories with high data transfer capacity is designed to enable continous data acquisition. The equipment is now under evaluation. Lab tests have been carried out and tests under real environmental conditions are programmed for second term of 2005.

Challenges facing the low-speed marine diesel engine industry in research design and development for the next millennium are discussed with the perceived needs for reliability environmental friendliness low first-cost and operational flexibility stressed - emerging development trends are considered with detailed reference to MAN B&W Diesel's engine programme. Design updates and features successfully introduced are detailed and include improvements of piston and ring piston ring pack piston cleaning ring combustion chamber electronic cylinder lubricator and cylinder cut-out for dead slow operation- compliance with exhaust gas emission regulations and specification of The Technical File are also examined. The increasing application of electronics in marine engine control and monitoring is identified as a significant area of marine engine development involving the production of hardware and software systems for use in both existing and future engine programmes and culminating in "The Intelligent Engine Concept" which features reduced fuel consumption operational safety and flexibility and flexibility with exhaust gas emissions - the first full scale Intelligent Engine will be demonstrated on Odfjell ASA's chemical product carrier MT Bow Cecil. Concluding remarks review past trends in marine engine development and look to future goals.

The first four chapters are devoted not only to a review of important material properties and fabricating techniques but, more significantly, to establishing how these broad disciplines affect design. These early chapters represent an introduction to mechanical design as well as a sound, reasonably comprehensive review of previously studies topics, which now must be applied to the development of mechanical systems. The remaining chapters deal with the methods of stress and deflection analysis and techniques involved in designing and selecting individual machine parts. In addition, emphasis has been given to the engineer’s ability to solve relevant problems concerning mechanical systems. Contents comprise chapters on: Introduction; Metallurgical properties of engineering materials; Mechanical properties of engineering materials; Manufacturing processes and design; Analysis of stress and displacement; Theories of failure used in the design of machine elements; Shafts, keys and couplings; Journal bearings and lubrication; Rolling bearings; spur gears; Helical, worm, bevel, and other gear types; Belt and chain drives; Brakes and clutches; Springs; Power screws; fasteners; welds and adhesive joints; axisymmetric problems in the design of machines.

As modern navies adopt joint concepts such as Littoral Warfare and Seabasing (for support of forces ashore) while also seeking to exploit the benefits of Network Centric Warfare increasing importance is being placed in the whole supply chain of naval logistics and in particular the need for smart agile and efficient delivery of the right material to the right place at the right time. The increased requirements of the operational supply chain which involves the storage movement preparation planning and accounting of material (eg stores munitions fuel and waste) are placing demands which cannot be met by existing logistic resources. In order to meet these requirements a holistic approach to vessel design is required that integrates naval architecture and logistic system design to achieve optimal solutions. Using its OLA (operational logistic analysis) approach Weir Strachan and Henshaw has optimised the design of logistic systems on a variety of naval platforms. OLA uses an integrated approach

The lesser sandeel is a key food for many seabirds and seals and is also the target of the largest single-species fishery in the North Sea. Despite claims that sandeel fishing has harmed dependent predator populations census data shows that most seabirds and grey seals increased in numbers as the fishery grew and reached peak harvest. Bioenergetics modeling indicates that predatory fish take far more sandeel than taken by the industrial fishery or wildlife. Changes in predatory fish abundances especially mackerel and whiting may influence sandeel stocks more than changes in industrial fishery at least at the scale of the North Sea as a whole. This implies that seabird and seal food supply in terms of sandeel may be strongly dependent on decisions regarding management of stocks of mackerel and gadoids. A look is taken at the spatial scale of interactions followed by fishery data predator population trends/breeding productivity modelling sandeel consumption results and discussion.