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Marine archaeological investigations begin in the archives and are followed by an archaeological survey and then examination of targets. Modern high-resolution multi-beam sonar offers an opportunity to cover a relatively large area from a safe distance above the target while resolving the true 3D shape of the object with centimetre-level resolution. High-resolution multi-beam sonar was applied to wreck and artefact investigations by a collaboration of the NHC (Naval Historical Centre) CCOM (Centre for Coastal and Ocean Mapping) and Reson Inc. This collaboration explored the state of preservation and impact on the surrounding environment of a series of wrecks located off the coast of Normandy adjacent to the American landing sectors. This operation is documented and in so doing the tremendous potential of multi-beam sonar as a tool for underwater archaeology is outlined.

The 11000 ton French cargo/container ship the Francois Vieljeux sank to a depth of 1250 metres in the Atlantic coast off Spain in 1979. Included in her cargo were 6600 tonnes of copper in wire bars and cathodes and 700 tonnes of zinc slabs which are currently valued at £10 million. Discussion is presented of the cost-effective recovery methods which have been designed and operated in the face of severe onsite conditions and under the stringent financial discipline of no cure/no pay. Two of the main design criteria for the recovery vessel were to keep the centre of gravity as low as possible and to keep the windage to a minimum. Cargo is now being recovered from the wreck at the cost of £15000 per month.

Traditional methods of surveying and recording the site of a wreck have changed little over the last 50 years and are often carried out in a similar way to that of a historical land site. These site location and surveying techniques are described. The survey establishes a Datum Reference Point and then uses a range of scaffolding poles taut wires and pegs to divide the site into discrete areas. Divers working in these areas use hand-written logs to record the site information and the position of any artefacts. However there are obviously differences to land site archaeology which increase time on site make productivity poor and correlation of information difficult. When work is strung out over a number of seasons there is a risk of damage to the site and there will be substantial costs. An alternative way forward is to adopt some of the new cost-cutting technologies and practices being developed for the offshore industry: remote acoustic surveying tools to measure accurately distances between points on the seabed; new diver helmet display systems; the ROV (remotely operated vehicle). All these technologies are commercially available and their hire charges can be offset by substantially reducing the duration of the underwater task and the working barge costs. The new technologies are described. These include ASSIST (SLIMPAC) a mapping and database information system); methods for seabed excavation; seabed surveying techniques during excavation; and Cyclops - the divers helmet display system. Finally some thought is given to systems integration and future developments. ConclX37956 Alternatives see the light

The raising of the Mary Rose in 1982 made headline news. As an archaeological event it ranked alongside Schliemanns excavations at Troy or Arthur Evanss discovery of Knossos, and so much information has since been gleaned from the wreck and its contents that there is an overwhelming tendency to treat the ship as a "time-capsule", like some Tudor burial site. But the Mary Rose is not just an archaeological relic. She is a warship that was revolutionary in her time and, despite being most famous for her loss in battle, a ship that had served her monarch for 34 years, almost the length of his reign. This book tells the full story of the construction and career of the ship, placing it firmly within the colorful context of Tudor politics, court life and the developing administration of a permanent navy. However, it also brings the story down to the present day, with chapters on the recovery and the new ideas and information thrown up by the massive program of archaeological work since undertaken. Written by the Development Director of The Mary Rose Trust and heavily illustrated from the massive resources of the Trust, this is a book which will appeal to general reader and specialist alike.

The CHP (Civil Hydrographic Programme) is one part of the UK strategy for delivering valid source data for the maintenance of British Admiralty charts and associated publications. Under the CHP commercial survey companies such as Gardline compete for surveys of pre-defined areas on the UK continental shelf of typically 450 nm2 area. The CHP surveys are carried out and supervised according to Royal Navy standards based upon IHO S-44 using single-beam echo sounder side scan sonar and magnetometer as primary survey sensors. In August 2002 the MCA commissioned a review called 'Project 500' to investigate whether introduction of multi-beam echosounder technology and next generation side scan sonar systems could challenge traditional survey techniques and instrumentation to better deliver data that is fit for the purpose. Gardline Surveys were contracted to carry out a series of trials using Kongsberg Simrad EM3000 MBES (multi-beam echo sounder) and Edgetech's 100 kHz MP-X multi-purpose digital side scan sonar system. The main purpose was to objectively determine whether these new technologies had a part to play within the CHP by assessing their performance for bathymetric data acquisition and object detection in typical UK survey coastal conditions. A secondary objective was to evaluate the multi-beam system for carrying out wreck investigations as an alternative tool to the accepted methods of SBES (single-beam echo sounder) side scan sonar and mechanical wire-sweep. The survey systems were tested over a variety of seabed terrains and sea conditions including the deployment of a purpose-built 2 m steel cube deployed on the seabed andX31851 Project considerations for LNG receiving terminals with CCGT power plant

There are three main techniques use to clean up an oil spill. The first is the use of mechanical equipment such as booms and skimmers and sorbents to corral the oil and remove it from the surface. The second is the use of chemicals either to rapidly increase the natural dispersion into the water column or to somehow modify the physical properties of the spill so as to enhance recovery. The third method is in-situ (on-site) burning. There has been significant progress in the technology of burning since the primitive attempts to ignite the spill from the Torrey Canyon wreck off Lands End England in 1967. The conditions under which oil can be burned and the equipment and procedures used have received a lot of attention over the last few years. One major obstacle to in-situ burning has been the perceived air pollution from the enormous cloud of dense black smoke that is a product of poor and incomplete combustion. The Marine Spill Response Corporation a non-profit making company dedicated to cleaning up major marine oil spills has sponsored a series of test burns to evaluate the potential of adding forced air to a boom-constrained in-situ burn in order to reduce or eliminate the black smoke and soot. These tests are presented in overview followed by the results obtained. Preliminary evaluation of the test data shows that smoke and soot can be significantly reduced or eliminated and that it appears to be technically feasible to design and use equipment to do so.

Table of Contents Acknowledgements / iii-v Lars U. Scholl, "Yrjö Kaukiainen: A Tribute on the Occasion of his Forthcoming Retirement as Professor of Maritime History at the University of Helsinki" / vii-x Merja-Liisa Hinkkanen, "Yrjö Kaukiainen: A Man of the Sea" / xi-xiv Lewis R. Fischer, "Yrjö Kaukiainen and the Development of Maritime Economic History: / xv-xviii Yrjö Kaukiainen, "Finnish Sailors, 1750-1870" / 1-20 Yrjö Kaukiainen, "Finnish and International Maritime Labour in the Age of Sail: Was There a Market?" / 21-29 Yrjö Kaukiainen, "Five Years before the Mast: Observations on the Conditions of Maritime Labour in Finland and Elsewhere" / 31-44 Yrjö Kaukiainen, "The Maritime Labour Market: Skill and Experience as Factors of Demand and Supply" / 45-52 Yrjö Kaukiainen, "Owners and Masters: Management and Managerial Skills in the Finnish Ocean-Going Merchant Fleet, c. 1840-1880" / 53-67 Yrjö Kaukiainen, "From Low-Cost to High-Cost Shipping: Finnish Maritime Labour Costs after the Second World War" / 69-77 Yrjö Kaukiainen, "The Modernization of Finnish Coastal Shipping and Railway Competition c. 1830-1913" / 79-90 Yrjö Kaukiainen, "British Timber Imports and Finnish Shipping, 1860-1910" / 91-99 Yrjö Kaukiainen, "Baltic Timber-Trade under Sail: An Example of the Persistence of Old Techniques" / 101-111 Yrjö Kaukiainen, "Coal and Canvas: Aspects of the Competition between Steam and Sail, c. 1870-1914" / 113-128 Yrjö Kaukiainen, "Dutch Shipping and the Swedish Navigation Act (1724). A Case Study" / 129-139 Yrjö Kaukiainen, "Seamen Ashore: Port Visits of Late Nineteenth-Century Finnish Sailors" / 141-149 Yrjö Kaukiainen, "Wreck-plundering by East Finnish Coastal People- Criminal Tradition or Popular Culture?" / 151-162 Yrjö Kaukiainen, "From Days and Knots to Pounds and Dollars: Some Problems in the Study of the Economics of Late Nineteenth Century Merchant Shipping" / 163-177 Yrjö Kaukiainen, "Tons and Tonnages: Ship Measurement and Shipping Statistics, c. 1870-1980" / 179-205 Yrjö Kaukiainen, "International Freight Markets in the 1830's and 1840's: The Experience of a Major Finnish Shipowner" / 207-230 Yrjö Kaukiainen, "Shrinking the World: Improvements in the Speed of Information Transmission, c. 1820-1870" / 231-260 Merja-Liisa Hinkkanen, "Yrjö Kaukiainen: A Maritime Bibliography" / 261-266