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EA (environmental assessment) and SEA (strategic environmental assessment) are addressed. EA is a technique developed to ensure that the environmental effects of development are fully investigated understood and taken into account before decisions are made on whether certain projects should proceed. Although the EA was amended in 1997 for implementation in 1999 and the RSPB welcomed these amendments the RSPB is now calling for further strengthening of the EA. The areas identified for strengthening are: post-project monitoring to assess the actual impacts on the ground compared to predicted impacts; more rigorous assessment of cumulative impacts e.g. from industrial development or road schemes; explicit consideration of impacts on biodiversity; public involvement in scoping EAs to ensure that the public's detailed knowledge and information is incorporated in EAs; mandatory EAs for projects located within the vicinity of nationally and internationally designated sites. SEA is a formalised process that allows decision makers to identify and evaluate the environmental impacts of a strategic proposal such as a policy plan or programme. It complements and extends the existing EA process. An EU Directive on SEA came into force on 21 July 2001 and must be implemented in UK law by 21 July 2004. In this area the RSPB is calling for: early implementation of the Directive; the scope of the Directive to be interpreted widely so that as many PPs as possible benefit from SEA; effective consultation both before and after publication of the SX35786 Environmental assessment of waste isolation on the abyssal seafloor

Risers made of composite materials have a low submerged weight and are thus often mentioned as a potentially enabling technology for deepwater and ultra deepwater field development. The riser system component depends heavily on the water depth using floating units such as e.g. FPSOs or semi-submersible platforms neither of which depend on water depth to the same extent. Design of compliant risers applying composite material for the pipe is a new technology that requires development of new procedures and tools. A methodology focusing on the global analysis and design of the CCR (compliant composite riser) is presented. This methodology is intended to give an overview of the entire analysis and design process. Details on how to perform each step are found mainly in the relevant standards and recommended practices and in textbooks on static and dynamic analysis of slender structures as well as engineering mechanics of composite materials. To illustrate a typical deep-water CCR a generic case has been defined and analysed extensively. The focus is on the global behaviour of the CCR in order to pinpoint the particular differences compared to SCRs (steel catenary risers) and traditional non-bonded flexible risers. Conclusions are drawn according to which type of environmental conditions the vessel-riser system will be exposed.

Cavity on the propeller blade produces the pressure fluctuation on the stern hull surface and also reduces the propeller performance. The recent large container ships give us difficulties in design of propellers because they will operate in heavily loaded condition. Therefore it is important to predict the cavity pattern volume and propeller performance accurately. Panel methods which can represent the blade shape exactly are recently widely used for the cavitation prediction. In Kyushu University a simple surface panel method 'SQCM' (simple surface panel method) was developed and applied to the 2D and 3D sheet cavitating hydrofoil problems. In this paper the SQCM is extended to the steady cavitating propeller problem and the calculation method is presented to treat the partially cavitating and super cavitating cases by using the same numerical procedure. One of the features here is that the cross flow velocity near the tip of a propeller blade is taken into consideration at the constant pressure condition on the cavity surface in order to get the reasonable results. Some calculated results for two propellers are presented and compared with published experimental data. Only sheet cavitation is considered here. The calculation method is outlined and results are given. Good agreements are obtained between the calculated results and experimental data.

The study of the flow around an array of vertical cylinders in a wavy field is a relevant subject in the field of offshore engineering. The project of any offshore structure cannot be considered without an analysis of wave-body interaction because the loads exerted on the bodies strongly depend on the interference of incoming and diffracted waves. The numerical simulation of a problem of interest in the field of offshore technology is addressed - that is the inviscid flow around four free-surface-piercing cylinders in waves. Three different angles of the incoming wave front are considered in order to investigate the variation of the resulting global and local loads on the four bodies. The rotation of the cylinders configuration with respect to the wave front has been made easy and efficient by the use of a chimera method for the generation of the computational mesh. The free surface has been simulated by a one-phase level set approach. The mathematical and the numerical model are briefly described with emphasis on the implementation of the chimera method. Then the numerical results for the selected test cases are detailed in terms of free-surface elevations forces acting on the cylinders and pressure fields on the cylinders walls.

With the obligation to equip a VDR (voyage data recorder) comes the requirement to use the data for safe navigation. In addition developing the onboard guidance systems the statistical analysis of the data is very important. A new on-line algorithm is developed to estimate the instantaneous ship motion cross-spectra stably. The algorithm consists of the trend model the time varying variance model and the T-VVAR coefficient modelling. At first using the trend model and the time varying variance model the measured time series data are normalised. Then using the normalised data an on-line procedure for estimation of the stable instantaneous ship motion cross-spectrum is proposed. In this approach the T-VVAR (time varying coefficient vector auto regressive) model is transformed into the state space model and the T-VVAR coefficients can be evaluated by using the Kalman Filter algorithm. In order to examine the reliability of the proposed procedure onboard tests were carried out. Under the stationary conditions and at constant speed and course the proposed method shows good agreement with the SVAR (stationary vector auto regressive) modelling analysis. Moreover it is shown that the proposed method can estimate stable instantaneous ship motion cross-spectra even if the speed or the course is changed. It is confirmed that the proposed method is a powerful tool for on-line analysis of non-stationary ship motion data.

This report on the Port of Portland, Oregon and Ports on Columbia - Snake River System is published as no. 34 of the Port Series. Contents include port and harbour conditions (including harbour and channel improvements, tides and currents, anchorages, bridges, and weather conditions); port and harbour facilities (such as pipes, wharves and docks, oil handling and bunkering, liquid bulk handling, coal handling facilities, dry bulk handling, open storage, hoisting equipment - ashore and afloat, grain elevators, marine repair plants and dry docking equipment, floating equipment, barge fleeting facilities and rail lines); and list of tables (such as of navigation locks, meteorological data, list of bridges, summary of general cargo facilities, logs, lumber, wood chip and wood pulp handling, storage warehouses, grain elevators, etc). Tucked into a pocket are 8 maps, of Port Facilities on Columbia River (2 maps), Columbia and Willamette Rivers and Multnomah Channel (1 map), Willamette River, Oregon (1 map), Columbia River (1 map), Columbia River, WA and OR (2 maps) and Snake River WA and ID (1 map).

The water resource crisis impacts our modern life. Most countries are directly or indirectly involved in the trend of desalination techniques. Distillation and reverse osmosis are used as main techniques in desalination. Multi-effect evaporation is one of the most common and oldest desalination methods. There are three types of evaporators in seawater distillatory and HFF (horizontal falling film evaporators) is one of these. A new evaporation system called HRF (horizontal rising film) is presented. HRF uses rising liquid thin film on the fluted surface of a horizontal tube. The mechanism of the seawater distillatory using rising liquid thin film on the fluted surface of a horizontal tube is investigated. By analysing the formation of the rising film a process of the HRF evaporators was designed to analyse the efficiency of the system. The numerical solution of the heat transfer model shows that the temperature difference of HRF in one effect is lower than that of HFF. The behaviour of the flow characteristics is discussed. The results show that the rising liquid thin film could be formed when the rate of roll equalled 15°. The results from theoretical analysis suggest that seawater distillatory using rising liquid thin film on the fluted surface of a horizontal tube was especially suitable for the wobble environment.

The purpose of this code is to provide standard instructions for conducting trials and testing of new ships, and to have the results from the trials and testing presented in a standardised form. In this second edition the contents have been arranged and additional items included. Chapters on testing of engine room instrumentation and bridge control systems have been added. The chapters on testing of propulsion machinery and generators have been extended with recommended tests to establish new machinery operating characteristics. Part 1 covers ship performance, with chapters on speed trials, manoeuvring tests, inclining experiment and bow thruster. Part 2 addresses propulsion and auxiliary machinery and has chapters on main engine performance, propulsion machinery controls and safety systems, steam boilers, generators, main machinery auxiliaries, general auxiliaries, testing of engine room instrumentation, additional tests for propulsion machinery. Part 3 looks at deck machinery, with a chapter on tests of anchor windlass and capstans. Part 4 examines cargo handling machinery and equipment, including chapters on cargo pumps, ventilation of cargo holds and testing of winches. Part 5 covers various tests and measurements, such as noise measurements, vibration measurements, compensation of compasses, compensation of radio direction finders, certification of wireless station and log trial.

A great many species possess the ability to navigate around their environments. The mechanisms by which they do this are abundant and their use varies substantially between species. A proposed mechanism by which some birds sense the Earth's magnetic field and use the information gleaned as an aid to navigation is investigated. Within this model the theory underlying the calculations is well developed and has been used widely e.g. for the interpretation of experiments on the effects of weak magnetic fields on certain chemical reactions. The origin of the geomagnetic sense in birds remains a subject open to debate. One of the two main explanations is that birds may contain small particles of magnetite which tend to align themselves with the Earth's magnetic field and that this alignment is detected in some sensory organ. The other focused upon here is that the mechanism arises through the influence of the Earth's magnetic field on the rate of a chemical reaction. Recently it has been observed that extremely weak radio frequency magnetic fields are able temporarily to disorient European robins. Since it seems highly implausible that magnetite particles could reorient several million times per second these experiments provide strong support for a physico-chemical mechanism.

The object of this book is to provide information on all aspects of screw design, and to combine practical and theoretical design methods. The subject is introduced and some general information on model experiments and aspects of propulsion is provided in Chapter 1 and 2. Methodical series and their experiment results are described and design charts are given in chapter 3. Correction factors used in designing screws and procedures followed in making propulsion estimates are given n Chapter 4. These two chapters, together with Chapter 6 on cavitation, chapter 8 on strength and chapter 9 on drawing, cover the practical aspects of the design of standard-type screws using chart methods. The design of the blade sectional elements as distinct from the overall design of a screw is introduced in Chapter 5, and blade section cavitation charts are given in Chapter 6. Applications of theoretical methods are discussed in Chapter 7, where computation procedures are given for the design of non-standard-type screws and for the detailed calculation of screw performance. Thus, chapters 5 to 7 comprise some theoretical aspects of the subject in a practical form, and provide design procedures based on theoretical as well as practical considerations. Miscellaneous topics which could not conveniently be introduced in the preceding chapters are discussed in Chapter 10. Design examples illustrating adaptations of the data to which reference is made and applications of methods that are given are presented in Chapter 11.

In order to extend lives of ageing ships it is necessary to make a study on feasibility for extending their planned life. In this paper studies on fatigue strength for hull structure with mild and high tensile steels and maintenance procedures for good protection from corrosion are briefly reviewed. Some discussions are made to procedures and analytical techniques of an assessment for life extension of ageing ships.

A mathematical method for analysing propeller-induced ship-hull vibrations is based on a special application of Green's Theorem. Comparison is made with the conventional approach which estimates diffraction pressure. Predictions from the theory are compared with published data on the DE 1040 hull.

Based on the joint-distribution of wave amplitude and wave period a new model on the equilibrium spectrum of wind waves has been derived. The model was related to wind speed spectral width and wave age. The model can be used to explain variability of spectral level and spectral curve slope.

Structural integrity of watertight bulkheads (WTBs) is critical for ship survivability in the event of hull damage. Design procedures for WTBs are based on empirical and prescriptive description of loads. This paper outlines the development of a physically-based probabilistic model of transverse WTB loads as an essential input to reliability analysis. The emphasis of this paper is on the probabilistic modeling of loads; hence simple phenomenological expressions of load components are used to underline the cause and extent of randomness in WTB loads. A response surface type approach is suggested for determining ship-specific model parameters.

Preliminary experimental data and analysis on underwater vehicle motion and wave/currents is provided. First the basic background is given including a description of TSK fuzzy-logic controller. Next the at-sea experiment is looked at. Here vehicle motion and seaway data collected on three different occasions off the coast of South Florida during which the Ocean Voyager II was chosen as a free-swimming motion platform are presented. Lastly sensor noise filtering is discussed.

Methods for predicting drag coefficients for truss legs on self-elevating/jackup offshore rigs are described (ABS DNV BSI) as is an improved technique developed by Marathon Marine Engineering Co. Texas and based on a building block approach with allowance for shield- ing and orientation. Supporting wind tunnel evidence is included with worked examples for legs of square and triangular cross section.

Gun drills and bores are single lip end cutting tools which drill or bore a hole in a single pass. The effects of tool behaviour on machined hole profile in deep hole gun drilling have been analysed by the method of tool vibration and its alignment analysis. The study also dealt with results obtained during gun drilling on S45C steels under different conditions. The roundness cylindricity surface roughness and straightness were influenced by cutting speed and feedrate chip flow and tool wear.

The ISM (International Safety Management) Code and the revised STCW Convention (International Convention on Standards of Training Certification and Watchkeeping) both aim at improving safety of life and ships and the protection of the marine environment by focusing on the human element through quality of management and people. Aspects considered include casualty investigations and corrective action qualifications of seafarers communications maritime education and training.

This paper focuses on the author's views as an Australian youth of the importance of implementing the law of the sea in relation to the protection of marine environments and species in particular on the high seas the deep oceans and Antarctica. The presentation discusses some national and regional arrangements in Australia and neighbouring states designed to implement strategies for the sustainable management of important fish species and the implementation of marine protected areas in the high seas and the deep ocean.

Experiments studying the cavitation behaviour on a propeller operating in several different velocity fields are described and their results presented. The flow fields generated comprise uniform flow crossflow alone and different crossflows with different axial velocity decrements. The cavitation behaviour viewed includes inception of the different forms extent and thickness of the developed sheet cavitation and variation of cavity extent as the propeller rotated through the velocity fields. Chief influences of surface ship wake on propeller cavitation are discussed.